Everyone recognizes
that a proper
level of self-assertion is
critical for health
and success. We often
are told to
“speak up” and
to “express your
opinion.” Therefore, despite the
persistence of gender
bias in our
21st century, no
sensible person would
discourage a woman
from asserting herself
whenever she feels
that such action
is appropriate.
According to
the Merriam-Webster dictionary,
self-assertion is “the
act of expressing
or defending your
rights, claims, or
opinions in a
confident or forceful
way.” So, self-assertion implies at least a
modicum of passion. Moreover, some
situations virtually demand
passion beyond the
minimal emotional threshold
necessary to satisfy
the definition. One could
reasonably “argue” then,
that persons serving
on juries that
determine guilt or
innocence in capital
crimes have an obligation to
self-assertively express their
opinions.
During jury
deliberation, self-assertion implies
that jurists not
only express their
opinions, but also
try to influence
the other members
to accept their
rationales. Given the
importance of jurist
self-assertion, psychologists should
and do direct
their expertise to
studying how women
and men jurors
can maximally contribute during deliberations.
Salerno and
Peter-Hagene (2015) are
two who chose
to address the
role of gender
and self-assertion during
capital crime jury
deliberation. Their study used
a computer simulation
in which the
subjects erroneously believed
that they were
involved in a
role-play jury trial
in which all
subjects were participating
authentically. No video was
involved, so no
subject could see
any other. Actually, five
of the jurists
were scripted either
to agree (4
experimenter confederates) or
to disagree (1
experimenter confederate) with
the subject’s views.
In the first
part of the
experiment, holdouts were
given either female
or male names,
and none of
them expressed significant
emotion when disagreeing. Within that
non-emotional condition, the
holdout did not
influence the subjects. By
contrast, in the
second part, the
holdout’s argument was
conducted in an
angry manner. When the
angry communicator was
male, he tended
to undermine the
subject’s confidence in
their own opinion,
but the opposite
occurred when the
angry communicator was
female. Critically, both the
angry male and
the angry female
argued for the
very same opinion. Only their gender differed. The investigators
proffered the obvious
interpretation that male
anger is more
likely to enhance
their influence during
group decisions, whereas
female anger is
more likely to
detract from their
influence.
A single
study certainly does not
prove anything. But
it is consistent
with the stereotypic belief that angry
women are “bitches”
who should be
ignored, and that
angry men are
“alphas” who should
be heard. Viewed
from a health
perspective, the implication
is that women
should swallow their anger and
stew, whereas men
can “get it
out” and move on.
Here, then, is
one more example
of ways that
gender bias can marginalize women and make them sick.
Reference
Salerno,
J. M., & Peter-Hagene, L. C. (2015).
One angry woman:
Anger expression increases
influence for men,
but decreases influence
for women, during
group deliberation. Law and Human Behavior, 39(6),
581-592.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000147
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